Diatoms, as an example from the huge group of stramenopile algae, have thylakoids associated into bands of six membranes each. PSII in a functional state is found almost exclusively in the grana and PSI in the stroma lamellae. In both green algae and plants, grana and stroma differentiation is accompanied by a segregation of the PSs ( Anderson, 1986 Wietrzynski et al., 2020). Green algae also possess grana, although their grana stacks usually contain fewer membranes. The differences in antenna systems are accompanied by diversity in thylakoid membrane structure, ranging from almost homogeneous, parallel membranes, as in cyanobacteria, to the strong segregation into grana and stroma lamellae visible in vascular plants. To this end, the antenna proteins are arranged together with the PS cores in the so-called supercomplexes, enabling a high efficiency of transfer, but also its regulation. Membrane-extrinsic antennae like the phycobilisomes (PBSs) of cyanobacteria and red algae and the membrane-intrinsic proteins of the light-harvesting complex (Lhc) family in plants serve the same purpose: to efficiently harvest solar energy and transfer it to the PS reaction centers (RCs), where charge separation occurs in the specialized chlorophylls (Chls), fueling photosynthetic electron transport. The photosystems (PSs), responsible for photochemistry, are well conserved between the different organisms, whereas many different light-harvesting systems have evolved ( Büchel, 2015 Croce et al., 2018). The primary reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes in cyanobacterial cells and the chloroplasts of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms like plants and algae. These processes lead to the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, which are used for assimilation of CO 2. The primary processes involve the harvesting of solar energy, its conversion into chemical energy, and protection of the organism against photodamage. It is responsible for all oxygen production and for a global net primary production of about 1.05 × 10 17 grams of fixed carbon per annum ( Field et al., 1998). Oxygenic photosynthesis is one of the most important biosynthetic pathways on Earth, sustained solely by solar energy. ![]() Here, we underline some of the latest fundamental discoveries on the molecular mechanisms and regulation of light harvesting that can potentially be exploited for the optimization of photosynthesis. The major challenge in this approach lies in the application of fundamental discoveries in light-harvesting systems for the improvement of plant or algal photosynthesis. With the increased understanding of light-harvesting mechanisms and their regulation, efforts are focusing on the development of sustainable processes for effective conversion of sunlight into functional bio-products. High-resolution microscopy and spectroscopic studies on membrane dynamics demonstrate the crosstalk between antennae and other thylakoid membrane components. The basic feature of these prompt responses is the dynamic nature of antenna complexes, whose function readily adapts to the light available. At the same time, several strategies have been developed to optimize the light energy input into photosynthetic membranes in response to fluctuating conditions. Adaptation to different light environments led to the evolution of an astonishing diversity of light-harvesting systems. | Limited Edition NO ver.Photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae are pigment-binding proteins that perform one of the most fundamental tasks on Earth, capturing light and transferring energy that enables life in our biosphere. Oricon Profile: Limited Edition NA ver.The album reached #8 on the Oricon charts and charted for seven weeks. The song " Silence" was used as the theme for the YouTube original " Den of Horror ~Horror no Soukutsu~". It was released in three versions: a limited CD+DVD edition (NA ver.), a limited CD+GOODS edition (NO ver.) that comes with a chibi nano premium silver strap, and a regular CD Only edition. N is the second studio album released by nano. ![]() Regular Edition Cover Artist nano Album N Released 2013.02.27 Catalog Number VTZL-57 (Limited Edition NA ver.) VTZL-58 (Limited Edition NO ver.) VTCL-60332 (Regular Edition) Price ¥3,086 (Limited Edition NA ver.) ¥2,674 (Limited Edition NO ver.) ¥2,469 (Regular Edition) CD Tracklist
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